A STORM in a teacup?—the challenges of adjuvant therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, with rising worldwide incidence (1). Surveillance programs for early detection of HCC in high-risk populations and improvement of therapeutic modalities have increased the likelihood of potentially curative treatments. Hepatic resection (HR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) result in 5-year survival rates of 40–70%. However, high tumor recurrence rates of 50% at 3 years and 70% at 5 years lead to sub-optimal curative outcomes (2)